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Wednesday, January 14, 2009

Car – Plane is ready to take off soon

Car – Plane is ready to take off soon
The Terrafugia Transition is a technology which can transform itself from a two-seater road car to a plane in 15 seconds. It is scheduled to take to the air next month.
According to the designer, Carl Dietrich, who runs the Massachusetts-based Terrafugia, said: "This is the first really integrated design where the wings fold up automatically and all the parts are in one vehicle."
If it is successful in its first test flight, this technological break through is expected to land in showrooms in about 18 months' time.
Features of Terrafugia Transition
It is easy to keep and run since it uses normal unleaded fuel and will fit into a garage.
It is powered by the same 100bhp engine on the ground and in the air.
It will be able to fly up to 500 miles on a single tank of petrol at a cruising speed of 115mph.
It had already received 40 orders, despite an expected retail price of 200,000 dollars which is reasonable in price comparison of an Airplane, however its prices is too high in comparison with a car. Are u ready to buy a car – airplane?

Tuesday, January 13, 2009

A novel color display technology

A novel color display technology
There are a lot of technology advancement in the advertising displays like LED display, flexible LEDs, Plasma, LCD and so on. In this sequence, a novel display has been in recent research, where is that materials that uses photonic crystals can able to reflect bright, bright lights of any color varying from red to blue.
A photonic crystal is a nanostructure with a regular pattern that influences the motion of photons. By changing the structure slightly, we can change the color of light that the crystal reflects. The color changes according to our desire can be controlled by varying applied voltage. The technology could enable brighter, flexible color displays for electronic readers and billboards.The amazing thing of this novel technology of the photonic crystal is that each pixel can be tuned to emit different colors. Hence, it can be used to obtain good brightness more similar to printed paper. The current technology used in e-paper, uses reflection of light instead of emitting light.
The researchers made photonic crystals using stacks of hundreds of silica nanospheres embedded in a polymer. They sandwiched these stacks along with an electrolyte--a material that conducts ions--between two transparent electrodes coated on glass. When different voltages are applied, the electrolyte goes in and out of the polymer, which swells and shrinks, altering the distance between the nanospheres. This changes the wavelength of the reflected light.
According to researchers, this technology can replace some of the conventional display technology.

Sunday, January 11, 2009

Electronic Textiles
Electronic textiles are those fabrics wired with electronic sensors. This breath taking technology is going to revolutionize the world very soon. These wearable fabrics can be used for monitoring vital signs, cooling of the wearers while the surrounding temperature changes and giving warning to allergen, light emitting fabrics and so on.
In recent research, the researchers have coated the conventional cotton thread with highly conductive, bio sensing carbon nano tubes. The threads can be woven into fabrics that are lightweight and wearable which can act as sensitive sensors that can able to detect human blood.
There are many electronic textiles trying to incorporate metallic threads, which are heavy and prone to corrosion, or fiber optics, which are bulky. And some other groups have tried to incorporate carbon nanotubes, which can carry both electrical current and data into textiles. But the success rate is very small. However, Nicholas Kotov’s fabrics, which are made by dipping cotton into a mixture of the carbon nanotubes and a conductive polymer can carry more current than previous nanotube textiles. Justify Full
Kotov showed a light-emitting diode (LED) put into a circuit between two of the coated cotton threads shines brightly. Kotov has also shown with the decoration of the carbon nanotubes with antibodies to the human blood protein albumin, demonstrating that the textiles could be used to detect human blood. This is really an amazing in the technology era.

Tuesday, January 6, 2009

Top Engineering projects Weblinks

Top Engineering projects Web links
As I have received very good response for the collection of engineering projects related website links, which will be very useful for referring their final engineering projects, I would like to add some more website links for your guidance. Very few authors contribute for guiding the engineering students online. Most of the sites are on sales basis websites. Some of these sites are really giving useful information related to our projects. I really thank all the owners of these sites.
www.projectguidance.com/
www.engineeringproject.org/
www.engineeringprojects.com/
www.engineeringprojects.net/
www.enggstudentprojects.com/
www.skitronics.co.in/
www.crazyengineers.com
www.electronicaestudio.com/en/
http://www.radiolocman.com/cat/search.html?rz=010204
http://www.trash.net/~luethi/microchip/projects/projects.html

Friday, January 2, 2009

Micro C / OS – II, features and applications

Micro C / OS – II, features and applications
In the previous posts, i have discussed about RTOS, in part of this, i would like to share the importance and features of Micro C and OS - II in this post. This will be very useful for doing projects at system level.
Micro C/ OS-II Overview
• µC/OS-II is a highly portable, ROMable, very scalable,preemptive real-time, deterministic, multitasking kernel
• It can manage up to 64 tasks (56 user tasks available)
• It has connectivity with µC/GUI and µC/FS (GUI and File Systems for µC/OS-II)
• It is ported to more than 100 microprocessors and micro controllers
• It is simple to use and simple to implement but very effective compared to the price/performance ratio.
• It supports all type of processors from 8-bit to 64-bit

Micro C / OS-II Components

Micro C / OS-II Real Time Kernel
– Task Management, Time Management, Memory Management, Inter-Task Communication
Micro C/GUI, Micro C/FS, Micro C/CAN, Micro C/USB

Micro C / OS-II Kernel

• Micro C/OS-II, The Real-Time Kernel is a highly portable, ROMable, very scalable, preemptive real-time, multitasking kernel (RTOS) for microprocessors and micro controllers.

Micro C/OS-II services
µC/OS-II can manage up to 64 tasks and provides the following services :
• Task Management (Create, Delete, Change Priority, Suspend/Resume etc.)
• Time Management, Timer Management.
• Fixed Sized Memory Block management.
• Semaphores.
• Mutual Exclusion Semaphores (to reduce priority inversions).
• Event Flags.
• Message Mailboxes, Message Queues.

Task Management
• Task Feature, Task Creation, Task Stack & Stack Checking, Task Deletion
• Change a Task’s Priority, Suspend and Resume a Task, Get Information about a Task

Task Feature
• µC/OS-II can manage up to 64 tasks.
• The four highest priority tasks and the four lowest priority tasks are reserved for its own use. This leaves us with 56 application tasks.
• The lower the value of the priority, the higher the priority of the task. (Something on the lines of Rate Monotonic Scheduling)
• The task priority number also serves as the task identifier

Rate Monotonic Scheduling
• In Rate Monotonic Scheduling tasks with the highest rate of execution are given the highest priority
• Assumptions
* All tasks are periodic
* Tasks do not synchronize with one another, share resources, etc.
* Preemptive scheduling is used (always runs the highest priority task that is ready)

Process Cycle: Task Creation
• Two functions for creating a task:
• OSTaskCreate(), OSTaskCreateExt()

Task States
Task Management
• After the task is created, the task has to get a stack in which it will store its data
• A stack must consist of contiguous memory locations
• It is necessary to determine how much stack space a task actually uses.
• Deleting a task means the task will be returned to its dormant state and does not mean that the code for the task will be deleted. The calling task can delete itself.
• If another task tries to delete the current task, the resources are not freed and thus are lost. So the task has to delete itself after it uses its resources

Priority of the calling task or another task can be changed at run time. A task can suspend itself or another task, a suspended task can resume itself. A task can obtain information about itself or other tasks. This information can be used to know what the task is doing at a particular time.
• Clock Tick: A clock tick is a periodic time source to keep track of time delays and time outs.
• Tick intervals: 10 ~ 100 ms.
• The faster the tick rate, the higher the overhead imposed on the system.
• When ever a clock tick occurs Micro C / OS-II increments a 32- bit counter
• The counter starts at zero, and rolls over to 4,294,967,295 (2^32-1) ticks.
• A task can be delayed and a delayed task can also be resumed

Five services:

• OSTimeDLY(), OSTimeDLYHMSM(), OSTimeDlyResume(), OSTimeGet(), OSTimeSet()

Memory Management

The Memory management includes:
• Initializing the Memory Manager
• Creating a Memory Partition
• Obtaining Status of a Memory Partition
• Obtaining a Memory Block
• Returning a Memory Block
• Waiting for Memory Blocks from a Memory Partition
• Each memory partition consists of several fixed-sized memory blocks
• A task obtains memory blocks from the memory partition
• A task must create a memory partition before it can be used
• Allocation and de-allocation of these fixed-sized memory blocks is done in constant time and is deterministic
• Multiple memory partitions can exist, so a task can obtain memory blocks of different sizes
• A specific memory block should be returned to its memory partition from which it came
Inter-task communication
• Inter-task or inter process communication in µC/OS takes place using
* Semaphores, * Message mailbox, * Message queues, * Tasks and Interrupt service routines (ISR) can interact with each other through an ECB (event control block)
Single task waiting, Multiple tasks waiting and signaling, Tasks can wait and signal along with an optional time out

Semaphores consist of two elements
• 16-bit unsigned integer count
• list of tasks waiting for semaphore
• Micro C / OS II provides Create, post, pend, accept and query services

message-mailboxes
• MciroC/OS-II message-mailboxes: an Micro C/OSII object that allows a task or ISR to send a pointer sized variable (pointing to a message) to another task.
message-queues
• Available services: Create, Post (FIFO), PostFront (LIFO), Pend, Accept, Query, Flush
• N = #of entries in the queue: Queue full if Post or PostFront called N times before a Pend or Accept
• µC/OS-II message-queues organized as circular buffers.

Writing Applications Under µC/OS-II
• Tasks running under a multitasking kernel should be written in one of two ways:

Mciro C/GUI Features
• Memory Devices: Frame buffer, the image of the windows etc are drawn on this buffer and when the drawing is completed, this is copied to the touch screen. This helps in preventing the flickering of the screen.
• Window Manager: It manages the windows that are created in the GUI. It handles all the mouse and keyboard events (touch screen in this case).
• Touch Screen: Touch Screen drivers
• LCD Drivers
• Anti-aliasing: This smoothens the fonts and other graphical entities. It gives a pleasant affect to the eye instead of the rugged look.
MicroC/GUI Features
• Widgets and Dialogs: A library to create the widgets (buttons, textboxes, etc) and dialog boxes. Reduces lot of effort to build everything using pixels and lines
• Font Converter: It converts a general font format (ttf, utf, etc) to the µCGUI compatible fonts
• Bitmap Converter: It converts the 32-bit bitmap images to the compatible bitmap image that is used on µCGUI
• µC/GUI supports all the processors from 8-bit to 16-bit

MicroC/F
• µC/FS is a FAT file system which can be used on any media
• Basic hardware access functions has to be provided
• MS-DOS/MS-Windows compatible FAT12 and FAT16 support
• Multiple device driver support allows to access different types of hardware with the file system at the same time
• Multiple media support. A device driver allows you to access different medias at the same time
• OS support: µC/FS can easily be integrated into any OS
µC/FS Device Drivers
• µC/FS has been designed to cooperate with any kind of hardware. To use a specific hardware with µC/FS, a device driver for that hardware is required.
• The device driver consists of basic I/O functions for accessing the hardware and a global table, which holds pointers to these functions. Available drivers are:
• RAM disk, SMC (Smart Card), MMC (Multimedia Card), SD (Secure Digital), CF (Compact Flash), IDE Hard Disk