World's Cleanest Electric Bike

World's Cleanest Electric Bike

Electric vehicles do not normally emits carbon. The Zero Motorcycles from Calif., have unveiled a Zero X electric bike with zero emissions. This bike is the lightest, quietest and least polluting off-road bike. The features of this bike

* with 64Kg - which is half of the weight of a gas powered motorcyles
* with 20HP electric motor - speed is 0-48 Km/Hr.
* with lithium -ion battery pack runs 60 Km on a 2 Hr. battery charge
* It can be rided on mountain and can handle higher jumps.
Howerver the bike cost is too high say $7450

Brain wave controller for disabilities

Brain wave controller for disabilities

This revolutionised technology is used to control a wheel chair driven by a disabled person by using his mind control. The thoughts steer the vehicle wherever he wish to go. Brain nerve cells create electric signals in the order of Micro level. These signals can be picked by using EEG ((Electro-encephalogram) detector.

This detector is fitted to the wheelchair with a display unit. By thinking about the direction of the movement, the electrodes of the EEG unit detect the brain signals and then respond by turning left or right and moving in the desired direction. Toyota, and the Japanese research foundation have created such a wonderful device for the welfare of lives of paraplegics.
Once these devices hit the market, there will be a lot of relief to the disabled. Thanks to the researcher who have done this wonderful job.

Distributed intellegence in day to day electrical and electronics appliances

Distributed intellegence in day to day electrical and electronics appliances

Distributed intellegence which is normally hidden inside the products that we use in day to day appliances is revolutinising this world and has been doing wonders. This embedded information processing revolution has created a new path in controling electrical and electronics appliances. For example, in a washing machine the amount water required for washing is adjusted accroding to the dirty and load size. For this purpose, a Microcontroller is used to do this job. A single appliance may be equiped with a number of microcontrollers to accurately control the appliances.

This distributed intellegence can be categorized as
1. In consumer segment which includes home appliances and entertainment equipment
2. In Automative field where a moder car is embedded with more than 50 micro controllers
3. Office automation, which includes PCs, Keyboard, copier machines, printers and so on
4. Telecommuncation field includes cellular phones, pagers and so on
5. The major usage of this intellegence is industry and so on

This intellegence is a second revolution next to microprocessor based, what would be the next technology? is there any such intellegence, give your valuable suggestions.

Features of PIC 16C7x Microcontroller

Features of PIC 16C7x Microcontroller
Pic Microcontrollers are commonly used in Engineering Projects. It can be used as a portable controller in any applications. I would like to share its immense features compared with conventional microcontrollers.
1. High-performance RISC CPU
2. Only 35 single word instructions and All are single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
3. Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
4. Up to 8K x 14 words of Program Memory,up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
5. Interrupt capability
6. Eight level deep hardware stack
7. Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
8. Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
9. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC
10. oscillator for reliable operation
11. Programmable code-protection
12. Power saving SLEEP mode
13. Selectable oscillator options
14. Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM technology
15. Fully static design
16. Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 6.0V
17. High Sink/Source Current 25/25 mA
18. Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
19. Low-power consumption:

Peripheral Features:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
• Capture, Compare, PWM module(s)
• Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns, Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns, PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• 8-bit multichannel analog-to-digital converter
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Internet-based SCADA systems

Internet-based SCADA systems

The Internet has now been dedicating a new and highly-efficient medium for sharing information all over the world. The development of web technologies allows information to be displayed numerically and graphically on any conventional Internet browser. Via Internet browsers (or web-browsers), end users can access, monitor the real-time data and even control the field devices and equipments.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are now becoming more and more popular in industrial processes and the demands in functionality and high performance have been increasing rapidly. Furthermore, the fast development of microprocessor manufacturing and Internet technology makes it more efficient and cost-saving to design such systems with the embedded network protocol modules.

Overall block diagram

A best solution on implementing Internet-based SCADA systems is with the presence of embedded TCP/IP Protocol stacks. The solution provides the following features:
• Automatically collect the latest system’s data and real-time data are displayed on web-browser interfaces.
• Users can manage and issue command controls on system’s devices from any internet-connected place.
• Security issue is carefully considered with: server protection by router; user authentication & IP approval on server application software and MD5 algorithm for data encoding. This helps reduce the threat of the public nature of the Internet.
• New sites/devices can be added/deleted/tracked.
• System operation can be tracked for each user by the event log tool.
These type of decentralised control can be more efficient and fast compared with conventional methods.

Emerging technologies in Advertising compaigns

Emerging technologies in Advertising compaigns

The emerging technologies has opened a new window in advertising compaigns by recognising the human face whether male or female. This technology can identify the gender among a group of people which is utilised for the purpose of advertising compaign based on gender ( male or female based) . A digital video stream can detect from the frontal images of faces of a number of persons in real time. This technology can also be utilized online where the laptops or PCs are fit with web cameras. The advertising compains will be changed dynamically based on the gender who are onlin.
My suggestion is that this technology could be utilised for security purposes like facical recognitions autentication systems

MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram, PIN description

MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram, PIN description

Most of the enngineering projects are done with the help of Micro controller. In this series, i would like to share the MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram and PIN description so on.

Features:
 High-performance RISC CPU
 All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are 2 cycle
 Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
 Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
 Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
 Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73/74/76/77
 Interrupt capability -up to 14 internal/external
 Eight level deep hardware stack
 Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
 Power-on Reset (POR)
 Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation
 Programmable code-protection
 Power saving SLEEP mode
 Selectable oscillator options
 Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology
 Fully static design
 In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
 Only single 5V source needed for programming capability
 In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
 Processor read/write access to program memory
 Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V
 High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
 Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges

PIN Diagram:


PIN description

5V, 12V Regulated Power supply

5V, 12V Regulated Power supply

Regulated power supplies are commonly used in engineering projects. Power supply is food of any circuit. I would like to share 5V, 12V regulated power supply circuits which can be used for Embedded or Micro controller projects.

+5V SUPPLY UNIT

The circuit diagram of +5V is shown in the figure. +5V supply is obtained from the +5V supply unit for microcontroller and digital ICs. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-9V) with the help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 500mA. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 9V. This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier. The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000µF.
The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC 7805. In the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. Another capacitor filter of rating 10µF is connected at the output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.

+12V SUPPLY UNIT

The ±12 V supply required by the OP amps is provided by the 12V supply circuit arrangement. The circuit diagram of ±12V power supply unit is shown in figure. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (15V-0-15V) with the help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 1A and the center tap of the transformer is grounded. This low voltage is rectified with the help off bridge rectifier. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 15V-0-15V.The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000µF.
The regulated DC output voltage is obtained by using regulator ICs. For regulated +12V DC supply, IC 7812 is used and for regulated -12V DC supply, IC 7912 is used. In the case of IC 7812 the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. In the case of 7912 ,the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 2, the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 1 is grounded. The pair of capacitors of 10µF is connected at the output as shown in figure to eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.